case report: variation of the cephalic and external jugular veins

The knowledge of variations in the superficial veins is of clinical importance for the anatomist, radiologists, clinical practitioners and surgeons in order to plan about the operative procedures. Usually cephalic vein drains into the axillary vein. In this case report study the left cephalic vein communicates with the left external jugular vein and made a common trunk at the superior surface of the clavicle, and then opened into the subclavian vein posterosuperior to the clavicle. The aim of this report was to discuss about the presence of an abnormal communication between external jugular and cephalic vein

effects of ethanol and strontium on growth and development of two-cell arrested mouse embryos

Background: Arresting at a certain stage of development like the two-cell stage could be one of the causes of infertility. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of ethanol and strontium on growth and development of mice embryos arrested at the two-cell stage

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, female mice were coupled with a male following superovulation. Positive vaginal plug mice were sacrificed 48 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin [hCG] injection. Two-cell embryos were transferred to M16 medium and divided to four groups. The first control group was incubated without any exposure to low temperatures. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed to 4[degree]C for 24 hours. The second control group was incubated immediately, while the third and fourth groups were exposed to 10 mM strontium for five minutes and 0.1% ethanol for a further five minutes. Growth rate and developmental parameters of embryos were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The significant difference between the groups was determined by Post Hoc

Results: The data shows that developmental rate is decreased significantly by 4[degree]C exposure. The mean percentage of degenerated embryo was significantly different between groups but the mean cleavage rate was not significantly different. The mean percent of morula, blastocyst and hatched blastocyst formation were significantly different between groups during a 120 hours study post hCG injection

Conclusion: The effect of strontium and ethanol on arrested two-cell embryos had no significant effect on the mean percentage of morula, but ethanol treatment significantly increased the percentage of blastocyst and hatched blastocyst formation compared to strontium

[Effect of low electromagnetic fields on fetal death and bone marrow megakaryocytes in NMRI mouse neonates]

Low electromagnetic fields [LEMF] are produced by instruments which are works with electricity. This study was done to determine the effect of LEMF on fetal death and bone marrow megakaryocytes in NMRI mouse neonates. In this experimental study 64 females' mice with 6-8 old weeks were used. 2 female mice coupled with one male, and positive vaginal plaque was interpreted as the zero day of pregnancy [GD=0], The pregnant mice were randomly categorized into control and experimental groups. The experimental group were exposed to 50HZ, 0.5 mT Low electromagnetic fields on 7-11 days of pregnant period [8h/d]. The weight of neonate and death fetus were studied after delivery. The live neonates were dissected on 15[th] day, and 1 ml of bone marrow was extracted from Tibia and vertebral column, by pressing method. The bone marrow cells suspended in 1:1 IMDM in 15cc [FULCON] tubule and cells was counted with neobar lam. The data were tested by t-student test; significance was set up at p<0.05. There was significant differences between the mean weight of one day neonate in cases with controls [P<0.05]. The mean of dead fetus in experimental group was higher than controls [P<0.05]. The mean of megakaryocytes numbers higher than controls, but this differences was not significant. This study showed that the number of megakaryocytes and fetal death were increased by low electromagnetic fields exposure during pregnancy

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with solitary kidney

Fluoroscopy-guided intervention during percutaneous nephrolithotomy [PCNL] has become the order of the day. During this procedure, both the patient and the physician are exposed to some radiation. Measurement of radiation doses in patients and The aim of this study was to evaluate percutaneous nephrolithotomy [PCNL] in the patients with solitary kidneys. Between 1995 and 2005, we had 11 patients with a solitary kidney and kidney calculi who underwent PCNL at our center. Tubeless and standard PCNLs were performed in 3 and 7 patients. In 1 patient, we could not achieve access to the system due to the stricture of the infundibulum. The calculi were extracted or fragmented successfully in 10 patients. In 2 patients with residual calculi, a double-J catheter was inserted and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [SWL] was performed. Retroperitoneal hematoma was detected in 3 cases by ultrasonography 1 week after the procedure, which was treated conservatively. Also, fever occurred in 3 patients after the procedure which was treated successfully. The patients were discharged on the 3rd and 4th postoperative days. Although PCNL is accompanied by the risk of complications such as severe bleeding that may result in kidney loss in patients with a solitary kidney, the rate of success and complications seem to be similar to the other patients if careful operation and correct selection of candidates are done. Therefore, we recommend cautious performance of PCNL in patients with solitary kidneys

[Adrenocortical tumor in 20 months old female]

Adrecortical virilizing tumors are rare in the pediatric age group. There is 1% incidence for adneral cancer. In comparison with adult patients, there is function adrenalectomy tumor in pediatric group. The patient in this report was a 20 months old female presenting with clinical signs of virilizition that were characterized by increased bone mass, pubic hair growth external genitalia. The laboratory test showed: High level of testosterone [400 ng/dl], andrestandion [3.6ng/ml] and progestron [19.9ng/ml] and very high level of [8000ng/ml] dehydroepiandrosterone. In CT scan there was right adrenal mass with size>5 cm. The diagnosis of right an adrenocortical functional tumor led to the choice of open surgical adrenal with flank apreach between 10 and 11 ribs. Pathologic examination showed carcinoma of the adrenal. Patient discharged 5 days after operation. Surgery was done via lumbar incision and follow up was carreid out for 10 years, and there was not any pathological lesion

[Assessment of outcomes of a new closed surgical technique for hydrocele operation and comparison with standard excisional techniques]

Hydrocele is fluid accumulation between the two layers of tunica vaginalis which commonly seen in male patients. Hydrocele is divided as communicating and non communicating categories. There are different methods for treatment of adult non communicating hydrocele which principally consist of aspiration and sclerotherapy, and various surgical techniques. The aim of this study is to evaluate outcomes and complications of a new closed hydrocelectomy technique and comparison with excisional hydrocelectomy procedures. In this clinical trial study, we divided all adult patients who referred for surgery of non communicating hydrocele to Imam Reza and Qaem hospital in Mashhad-Iran into two groups during 2004 to 2006. The inclusion criterion was simple non communicating hydrocele without any underlying pathology in adult patients who agreed with this new technique. In the first group [Group I] 23 patients with 24 hydroceles underwent closed hydrocelectomy using a catheter [shunt] between scrotal subcutaneous tissue and the hydrocele sac. In the second group [group II] 29 patients with 29 hydroceles underwent excisional hydrocelectomy. Follow up was possible in 21 cases of group I and 23 cases of group II. The outcomes of both procedures including cure rate, recurrence and complications such as infection, post operative pain, edema, hematoma, and testicular atrophy were compared in two groups. In group I, 13 cases [62%] were cured but 8 cases [38%] experienced recurrence [treatment failure]. In group II, 22 patients [95.6%] were cured but one patient [4.4%] had recurrence. Post operative pain in group I was mild in 9 patients [42.9%], morderate in 11 patients [52.4%] and severe in one patient [4.7%]. But in group 11 all patients [100%] experienced severe pain requiring parentral analgesics [opioids]. Hematoma was occurred in 2patients [8.7%] in group II but in none patients in group I. No patients in any groups developed infection or testicular atrophy. This study showed that although recurrence rate of closed hydrocelectomy is more frequent but its complications are less than open procedures. In patients with high surgical risks in whom excisional hydrocelectomy is less preferable, this closed hydrocelectomy technique may be the technique of choice